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Find out more14th Feb 2022
Possible evolution from Olmec jaguar mask into Aztec rain god pot
In his classic book Indian Art of Mexico & Central America (1957) - the last which he was to write and illustrate - the great Mexican archaeologist and illustrator Miguel Covarrubias presents a convincing picture of how Mexico’s ‘mother culture’, obsessed as it was with the symbolic preeminence and supernatural power of the jaguar, may have influenced the evolution of the image of the Central Mexican rain god Tlaloc, one of the most easily recognisable of all Mexican deities. (Compiled by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore)
It is often difficult to guess whether a given carving was intended to represent a man disguised as a jaguar or a jaguar in the process of becoming a man wrote Covarrubias.
His chart, shown here, is an attempt to show the ‘Olmec’ influence in the evolution of the jaguar mask into the various rain gods - the Maya Chaac, the Tajín of Veracruz, the Tlaloc of the Mexican Plateau, and the Cosijo of Oaxaca - as well as the evolution of the characteristic rain-god vase through early Monte Albán, Teotihuacán, and finally Aztec. It is easy to follow the gradual transformation of the jaguar’s upper lip into the mouth mask of Tlaloc; and of the serrated eyebrows into the rain god’s eye plaques with scrolls probably representing clouds and eventually becoming rings like goggles. These variations of concept, which have such an important influence on style, could have been caused by the misunderstanding of the original significance of the symbols by artists of later epochs.
For instance, the snarling ripper lip of the jaguar, when shown in profile, curls and stretches considerably to form the trunk-like mouth of the Maya Chaac; the toothless gum and its central septum (incisal pad) evolve into various appendages and teeth that result in the complicated mouths of dragons and serpent-like monsters with curling snouts and elaborate fangs. The cloud dragon or sky serpent, one of the principal art motifs of the Classic cultures, could have developed from an altered profile version of an early jaguar mask. it appears in early times as a sort of dragon, with the body formed by volutes, probably clouds, on a stela found at Tres Zapotes - see second picture. This concept probably evolved into the plumed serpent, as well as into the double-headed serpent, such as the ceremonial bar held in the arms of Maya priests, or curved into a U shape, as in the strange objects from the Gulf Coast known as “stone yokes”. All this goes to show that, after all, the “Olmec” culture is one of the mother cultures of Middle America.
Source:-
• Indian Art of Mexico & Central America by Miguel Covarrubias, Alfred A. Knopf Inc., New York, 1957
Small picture sources:-
• Tlaloc pot: photo by Phillip Mursell/Mexicolore
• Olmec jade votive axe - © The Trustees of the British Museum.
Possible evolution from Olmec jaguar mask into Aztec rain god pot
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