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Why did Quetzalcóatl and Tezcatlipoca dominate the Aztec creation story?

ORIGINAL QUESTION received from - and thanks to - Paulo Cardoso Carvalho: I love this website, and thanks for the amount of useful and very interesting information, its so amazing. I would like to know why does Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca in nahua religion have so many affiliated deities and broad participation in the creation of the five suns, in contrast to his brothers Huitzilopochtli and Xipe-Totec. At first I thought it was because they were older in the Mesoamerican pantheon, but it seems Xipe-Totec appeared first than Tezcatlipoca (I may be wrong in this statement). Also, were these affiliated deities the so called “naguals”? Thank you very much. (Answered by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore)

Thanks for your kind comments and fine questions. Here we won’t be able to answer all your points, but we’ll have a stab at tackling the main one, regarding the roles of Q and T in the Mexica creation story. Xipe Totec was also known as the Red Tezcatlipoca - the supreme creator couple Ometeotl gave birth to four sons (Red T, Black T, Q and Huitzilopochtli). It was the Black T and Q who, as you say, dominated the creation myth. In fact all four brothers were responsible for making fire, heavens, earth, sea, underworld, first human couple, and the sacred calendar. But (Black) T and Q played the most important role of creating heavens and earth. Yes they competed against each other, but they also (later, in restoring heavens and earth, when they dismembered the great earth monster Tlaltecuhtli) collaborated as allies. This reflects what Karl Taube sees as being at the heart of Aztec ideas of creation - ‘the interaction and exchange between opposites constitute a creative act’. T and Q figure prominently in the story of the four previous ‘suns’ or world eras, ‘as if the multiple creations and destructions are the result of cosmic battle between these two great adversaries’.

You’re quite right that both these great deities - particularly T - had a whole host of epithets, alternative names and guises associated with them, these weren’t nahuales. The latter were the animal companion spirits of these mighty beings (and of humans): the jaguar being the nahual of Tezcatlipoca.

Recommended source:-
• ‘Aztec and Maya Myths’ by Karl Taube, British Museum Press, 1993.

Images: Illustrations of Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca by Miguel Covarrubias, scanned from our own copy of his book Mexico South.

Comments (3)

T

Taytay

21st Jun 2023

Oh wow! That is my favorite that picture of him actually, but I had absolutely no idea about the lore behind it! Thank you so much for answering my question! :D

T

Taytay

19th Jun 2023

Oh that’s what it is! A flint knife makes so much more sense than a leaf lol. Sorry for bein unclear. Do you know why he wears a flint knife?

M

Mexicolore

In one of the classic images of Tezcatlipoca in the Codex Borgia (pl. 17) the god bears all twenty of the calendrical signs spread all around his body - including the flint knife over the anahuatl - to reflect his all-powerful nature, and to show that even the sacred daysigns carry his (varied) influences, for good and bad - which then of course get passed on to human beings...

T

Taytay

19th Jun 2023

Hi there! I was wondering what that leaf looking thing is on Tezcatlipoca’s anahuatl?

M

Mexicolore

We’re not entirely sure what you’re looking at?! In this image, based on one in the Codex Borgia, Black Tezcatlipoca holds a ‘tecpatl’ or flint knife over the shell ring with red ribbons (anahuatl). You might need to send us a graphic with the exact piece arrowed that you’re thinking of...

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