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Find out moreAztec conquest of Xiquipilco, Codex Telleriano-Remensis fol. 37v
ORIGINAL QUESTION received from - and thanks to - Daniel Avila: How bad was it to be under the control of the Mexica? Did they help you in hard times like famines and other disasters? shared technologies and other innovations with you? Or were they just acting as extortionists? (Answered by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore).
We can only give you a partial answer as we’ve not found any evidence of the Aztecs sharing technology or providing disaster relief (though they certainly did that for their own people).
Most scholars will say the Aztecs followed a ‘live-and-let-live’ policy, much like in the ancient Roman empire, allowing subdued peoples to keep their own gods, customs, language, citizenship rights and local government - PROVIDED a) they paid their taxes/tribute, b) they respected Huitzilopochtli as ‘chief’ deity over local patron gods, and c) they supplied warriors to support the Aztec army when called on to do so.
A fuller answer would point out that the policy depended on how far away the subject province was, whether any marriage alliances were in place with the Mexica (strengthened by gift exchanges, education of the provincial élite’s sons at Tenochtitlan, and so on) and if the subject people had attempted rebellion or not. In other words, the degree of imperial control varied from indirect to light to military to direct (Sergheraert 2017: 467).
Only occasionally was it necessary for the Triple Alliance based in Tenochtitlan to establish military garrisons in outlying provinces.
In his (recommended) book At Home with the Aztecs Professor Michael Smith has written the following:-
’Why did people put up with the empire at all? The Monty Python film Life of Brian provides some perspective. Set in the eastern Roman empire, the head of a local rebel band defiantly asks his crew “What have the Romans ever done for us?” To his dismay, they respond with a long list of services, including aqueducts, sanitation, roads, irrigation, education, public baths, wine and peace. The Roman Empire relied primarily on direct control, and these services were simply part of the deal. People paid taxes, and they got services in return, just as taxes translate into services in our governments today. But the Mexica and other empires organised with indirect control provided no such services in the provinces, so... why did people put up with the empire?...
’The answer is that the local king and nobility supported the empire, and they made sure that people paid their imperial taxes. Commoners did not really have much choice. If they refused to pay taxes or rebelled in some way, they would be punished by their city-state government or by their landlord’ (2016: 68-69).
Ross Hassig summarises the policy in these terms:-
’The Aztecs did not tightly integrate tributary areas into the empire. Conquered city states continued substantially as before, trading with their traditional marketing partners, retaining existing economic ties, and merely paying the Aztecs their due... [They] were free to conduct their affairs - both internal and external - as they desired so long as they did not conflict with those of the Aztecs’ (1988: 256-7).
References/recommended sources:-
• Berdan, Frances F. (1982) The Aztecs of Central Mexico - An Imperial Society, Holt, Rinehart and Winston
• Hassig, Ross (1988) Aztec Warfare - Imperial Expansion and Political Control, University of Oklahoma Press
• Sergheraert, Maëlle (2017) ‘Aztec Provinces of the Central Highlands’ in The Oxford Handbook of The Aztecs eds. Deborah L. Nichols and Enrique Rodríguez-Alegría, OUP
• Smith, Michael E. (2016) At Home with the Aztecs, Routledge, London.
Image sources:-
• Main pic (Aztec conquest of Xiquipilco, Codex Telleriano-Remensis fol. 37v): image scanned from Codex Telleriano-Remensis, facsimile edition - Eloise Quiñones Keber, University of Texas Press, 1995
• Conquest of Miquetlan and tribute list: images scanned from the James Cooper Clark facsimile edition of the Codex Mendoza (original in the Bodleian Library, Oxford), London, 1938.
Daniel Avila
21st Dec 2023
Thanks for answering. Although something I forgot to ask is if the taxes that Tenochtitlan demanded were excessive and left their conquered cities with nothing. I understand that the taxes became tougher if they rebelled, but in the best cases, how did the taxes affect everyone?
Mexicolore
Camilla Townsend, in her 2019 book ‘Fifth Sun: A New History of the Aztecs’ writes: ‘Each altepetl [city-state] that fell under the sway of the [Triple Alliance] triumvirate had to pay tribute wherever it was assigned. Often the financial exigencies were head-spinningly complex [she gives examples]... Those who fought back against the new arrangements tended to lose. Then they were faced with tribute payments in perpetuity that sent shudders down every wise chief’s spine: they were tasked not only with sending corn and beans, or chocolate and cotton, but also with supplying people to serve as sacrifices in the religious ceremonies of the central valley...
’Archaeological studies have revealed that people in the countryside outside the central basin largely continued to prosper. The “Triple Alliance” rulers had encouraged interregional trade: local markets sold such useful items as copper needles, jars of salt, and small bronze bells... There was no reason for life to change much. Only rarely did a recalcitrant local noble find his compound attacked and his lineage destroyed.’
It seems generally then that the tax/tribute burden for the majority of inhabitants of the Aztec empire, in areas living in relatively peaceful coexistence with the Mexica, was not ‘excessive’. That’s not to suggest there wasn’t plenty of discontent! Historians suggest there was more frequent rebellion and reconquest within the Aztec Empire than in the Roman Empire. See ‘Rome, Tenochtitlan, and Beyond: Comparing Empires across Space and Time’ by Walter Scheidel in ‘Altera Roma’ (2016) edited by John M. D. Pohl and Claire L. Lyons.
Aztec conquest of Xiquipilco, Codex Telleriano-Remensis fol. 37v