Why did Moctezuma think that Cortés looked like Quetzalcoatl?? Asked by Longshaw Primary School. Chosen and answered by Professor Felipe Fernández-Armesto
He didn’t. At least, there’s no evidence that he did and lots of reasons to think he didn’t. No contemporary document or account mentions Quetzalcoatl or suggests that Moctezuma or any other indigenous person thought Cortés was in any sense divine.
Cortés’s account of his meeting with the Aztec paramount includes a speech the conquistador made up and put into Moctezuma’s mouth. We can be sure Moctezuma never said what Cortés claimed, since Cortés’s version of the speech contains allusions to the bible and to Spanish legal traditions - sources inaccessible at the time to the Aztecs. Cortés did make Moctezuma say that he and his people awaited the return of the descendants or representatives of an unnamed past ruler. This sort of legend is common, especially among coastal peoples, but it is unlikely that it existed among the highlanders of central Mexico. Cortés may have picked it up on the coast or made it up. In any case, his purpose was not to give a true account of what Moctezuma said, but to bolster his claim that the Aztec ruler had voluntarily surrendered sovereignty to the Spaniards. This would obviate or answer awkward questions (which people back in Spain really did ask) about what right the Spaniards had to dispossess the indigenous rulers.
The claim that Aztecs mistook Cortés for a supernatural being arose in the 1530s, and became associated with Quetzalcoatl in particular in the 1540s, when people in New Spain were looking back and trying to explain what had happened to them. The idea that native morale or will to resist was undermined by awe at Spaniards’ divine powers was one of many competing and probably false ‘solutions’ to the problem of how a newly arrived elite from Spain had come to exercise so much power in the region.
The idea that the natives mistook the intruders for gods may have arisen simply because stories about people being mistaken for gods are commonplace in literature (which is also a good reason not to believe them - literature warps the way people interpret experiences and colours the way they remember or misremember the past). Moreover, one of the words the natives used to designate the Spaniards resembled European words for ‘god’ (Spanish Dios, Latin deus) and could be used to mean ‘god’. But it was also a general, polite term of honour - rather as people in English used to say ‘Your worship’ when addressing those to whom they wished to show or pretend to show deference.
Why Quetzalcoatl in particular? According to a conquistador’s memory, recorded when he was an old man, one of his comrades in arms had a helmet emblazoned with an image that reminded some natives, including Motecozuma, of the deity Huitzilopochtli - but that fact, for what it is worth, hardly helps explain the confusion with Quetzalcoatl. According to an equally untrustworthy account, which Franciscan friars recorded in the 1540s, on the basis of information they gathered in Tlatelolco (the community next to Tenochtitlan), Mexican ambassadors gave Cortés a costume representing Quetzalcoatl when he first arrived on the coast. This may help to explain how the confusion with Quetzalcoatl arose in historians’ minds in the early colonial period, but even if true, the story would not mean that natives mistook Cortés for the god: Aztec priests and nobles exchanged divine disguises for many ceremonial purposes and in war, as well as to mark certain festivals in the calendar: indeed many cultures use such costumes in similar circumstances, without thinking that the wearer is really divine.
It is wise, in general, to be sceptical about stories that represent
non-European peoples, in conflicts with Westerners, as superstitious or cowed by the white man’s apparent superiority. Such stories are often attempts to justify conquests and empires by making subject-peoples look feeble-minded or self-condemned to subordination by their own convictions of inferiority.
Picture sources:-
• Main picture: detail from a screen mural showing the Spanish Conquest of Mexico painted by Roberto Cueva del Río in 1976 (photo by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore)
• Images from the Florentine Codex scanned from our own copy of the Club Internacional del Libro 3-volume facsimile edition, Madrid, 1994
• Portrait of Cortés from Wikipedia
• Stone sculpture of Quetzalcóatl in the British Museum - photo by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore.
Professor Felipe Fernández-Armesto has answered 3 questions altogether.
Valente Pozas
17th Dec 2022
Is it possibly true, that Cortes marched into Tenochtitlan on horseback, decided to not get off in plain sight, to promote the myth that he and horse were one GOD?
Christopher Garcia
4th Oct 2022
there will always be those who know more than us
and
there will always be those who know less than us
i.e.,
but we don’t know who knows what or how based on a statement
so we have to be patient
and forgiving with ourselves
in order to be patient with others
but letters after our name does not denote intelligence
other than that a requirement was fulfilled
e.g.,
diplomas state “you have fulfilled the requirements”
diplomas do not state
this is what you were taught
or
this is what you have learned
i.e.,
knowledge is much more than just the accumulation of information
may we take a breath to respond,
instead of react to every situation
and/or
difference of opinion we come across
because as human beings
we are each human beings
and
INDIGENOUS TO THIS PLANET
AQUI Y AHORA
HERE and NOW
and
NOWHERE ELSE
just like LIFE
THANKS to MEXICOLORE and all they continue to do
to make this information accessible
VIVA LA VIDA
Mexicolore
Many thanks, Chris, for these wise, positive and well-tempered comments...
JC
6th Sep 2020
Dr. Matthew Restall’s book ‘The Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest’ touches on this subject. I read the book many years ago and am going by memory. I recall that in the book, Dr. Restall explains that this supposed legend was a fabrication by the Spanish priests. They initially claimed that the Mexica believed Cortez to be Huitzilopochtli, the God of War. But other Spanish men that participated in the conquest shut them down because it wasn’t true. But over time the priests changed the story to the one we know today: that Cortes was believed to be the returning Quetzalcoatl. As history shows, they were able to get away with this made up story. And it really angers me how prevalent this lie is.
As far as I know, the Spanish never claimed that any other Meso-American Nations mistook Cortes to be a prophesied returning god Quetzalcoatl. The Meso-Americans more or less had a shared pantheon. I imagine that they shared the same mythologies of these diety’s similar to how the Romans and Greeks did with their gods and mythologies, albeit with some regional differences. And a god promising to return is no small matter. Ask any Christian. Such a promise by Quetzalcoatl would not have been dropped from the mythology. They would have all been expecting his return. But it’s suspicious that only Moctezuma and the Mexica mistook Cortes with Quetzalcoatl. Especially after Spaniards had already arrived to Mexico’s shores two years prior to Cortes. This first group of Spaniards were not exalted as being gods and given a god’s rightful place on top of a throne. Instead they were either killed or enslaved.
Another topic that I have not seen addressed before is that the Spanish, by promoting the Cortes as Quetzalcoatl story, inadvertently portrayed the Meso-American’s religion and “superstitions” as being superior to their Catholic/Christian religion. Supposedly, the Mexica saw “omens” and “signs” that announced the arrival of Quetzalcoatl and the downfall of their nation. According to the Spanish chroniclers, these “omens” had Moctezuma cowering in a corner. They made him lose his spine and possibly his mind. But the key here is that these “signs” were not part of the mythology. The myths did not tell the Meso-Americans to look for those specific signs or events to know the hour of Quetzalcoatl’s arrival. If I were to believe the Spanish accounts, that means that the Mexica religion gave them the ability to obtain knowledge from beyond time and space. Their religion allowed them to “accurately” see far into the future by interpreting events in real-time. In comparison, the Catholic nor any other Christian sect has that type of power. And if the Mexica were able to see the coming events before they happened, then I imagine that they would have been able to see that Cortes was not a god long before his arrival using the power of their religion. But let’s entertain that they might have believed that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl. I’m certain that their first whiff of Cortes would have dispelled any such notion.
MexicaPod
26th Jul 2020
I am reading all the sources I can find. Several Mestizo codices mention the Cortes as God narrative, namely the Florentine Codex,written 50-70 years after the conquest by Indigenous scribes under the eye of the European Sahagun. It is such an ever present theme it is hard to overcome it as at least a little “true.” Separately, is the prophecy of a return from the West of a god or ancestor true or is that entire thing made up?
Mexicolore
Great question! It looks like that too was created after the event. We strongly recommend you read ‘Fifth Sun’ by Camilla Townsend (2019). Here’s what she writes on this, referring to the Nahua students of Sahagún, writing in the 1560s and 1570s:-
’The students... liked the idea that one of their teachers had offered, which was that the great schism that had occurred in ancient Tula, present in so many of their early histories, had really been a battle between a brutal leader who believed in human sacrifice and a peaceful one who did not - one who was in effect an early Christian, unbeknownst even to himself. The group that had wandered away to the east had been following the peaceful leader. If they decided the man’s name was not Huemac, as a leading culture hero of numerous ancient stories was called, but rather Quetzalcoatl, as the former teacher fray Toribio was the first one to suggest, the story would work perfectly, as one of the many year signs associated with the god Quetzalcoatl corresponded to 1519. The mortal man could have become a god and been expected to return then. Unfortunately, the students got the matter a bit confused. From their people’s own records, they knew of the arrivals along the coast in the two preceding years, and they said it was the second captain who was thought to be Quetzalcoatl returning from the east. That one was actually Juan de Grijalva, sailing in 1518, not Cortés arriving in 1519. But no matter. The gist of the story was there, and it could be taken up in generations to come and embellished as much as future authors saw fit to do.
’None of the original Nahua histories written down by the earliest generation of students in the privacy of their own homes had said anything like this. In fact, none of the elements ring true, given what we know about Mexica culture. The Mexica did not believe in people becoming gods, or in gods coming to earth only in one particular year, or in anybody having a preordained right to conquer them. They didn’t consider Quetzalcoatl to be their major deity (like the Cholulans did) or originally associate him with an abhorrence of human sacrifice. When we add the fact that we can actually watch the story’s birth and evolution in European-authored and European-influenced works, the case for its being a later fabrication seems closed.’
Gabrielle Racine
2nd Apr 2020
Indeed, Mexicolore, you are right, the spaniards distorted the truth to make the natives look weak and to justify their cruelty.
Carl de Borhegyi
27th Jul 2015
The trefoil, in its form known as the Fleur-de-lis (“flower of the lily”), has long been a symbol of European monarchy and the sacred symbol of the Holy Trinity. Although perhaps best known through its association with French royalty, the symbol itself is of far greater antiquity, and occurs in the most ancient art of both the Old and New Worlds. In both hemispheres the Fleur de lis symbol is associated with divine rulership, linked to mythological deities in the guise of a serpent, feline, and bird, associated with a Tree of Life, and a trinity of creator gods. In Mesoamerica, as in the Old World, the royal line of the king was considered to be of divine origin, linked to the Tree of Life. Descendents of the Mesoamerican god-king Quetzalcoatl, and thus all Mesoamerican kings or rulers, were also identified with the trefoil, or Fleur de lis symbol. http://www.mushroomstone.com/thefleurdelissymbol.htm
Carl de Borhegyi
27th Jun 2015
http://www.mushroomstone.com/thefleurdelissymbol.htm....The purpose of this publication is to present previously unrecognized aspects of pre-Columbian art and iconography that shine a revealing light on a central riddle of New World history: how it was possible in 1519 for a small band of 450 Spanish conquistadors under the command of Hernán Cortés to conquer the vast and powerful Aztec empire. As I discovered, the answer appears to lie in a surprising confluence of religious ideas recognized in both the Old and New Worlds and symbolized by the trefoil design we know as the Fleur-de-Lis. That stated, while the similarities in appearance and meaning of the Fleur de lis symbol in pre-Columbian art and iconography may be entirely coincidental, logic would argue for consideration of the possibility of ancient transoceanic contact with the Americas prior to the arrival of Columbus--a subject rife with contention.
Carlos
12th Jun 2014
Cortez had spent some time in America before he met Moctezuma for the first time. During this time Moctezuma spied on these white men to find out who they really were. When Cortez and Moctezuma first met Cortez was in no way treated like a god, Moctezumas guards did not even let Cortez shake his hand. Of course Moctezuma did not see Cortez as a god. your article is spot on, very good that you did not romanticize history.
Jason Carson, Ph.D (Hist)
9th Oct 2012
Your article is intensely nationalistic and biased. I have a degree in Mesoamerican Studies, and you’re frankly wrong; there’s ample evidence to suggest that many (including Moctezuma, who’s name you can’t even spell correctly) INITIALLY considered Cortes’ arrival to be, at the very least, a herald of the end times, per their eschatology. This of course was quickly undone by Cortes’ disgust for their religion and single-minded lust for gold, ending in the forced expulsion of the Spaniards from Tenochitlan and the death of the still-passive Moctezuma at the hands of an Aztec mob.
Nobody’s trying to attack Mexico, so please do some real research before you start presenting highly nationalistic revisionist viewpoints as the Solid Gold Truth.
Mexicolore
Coming from someone who’s supposed to have undergone a rigorous academic training, we are singularly NOT impressed by your aggressive, intolerant tone, and rather feeble attempts to damn this piece by Professor Fernández-Armesto (a leading historian of the Spanish Conquest) as ‘biased’, ‘intensely nationalistic’ and lacking ‘real research’. FYI, he isn’t even Mexican, he’s British!!
You should know perfectly well that ‘Moctezuma’ is one of several recognised modern spellings of his name, part of the standard lexicon in English. Remember this is an educational website, and our Experts make every effort to keep the language style simple and straight-forward.
You should also know perfectly well that there is, to say the least, widespread debate and disagreement surrounding the death of Moctezuma; many scholars now believe that it was the Spanish who finished him off. You can learn more about this in the Moctezuma section of our website. You’re being a little naughty suggesting it was the Aztecs without acknowledging the evidence of Spanish involvement.
Professor Felipe Fernández-Armesto
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