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Find out moreTlacuilo (Aztec scribe) ancient and modern
Dinorah Lejarazú is a modern-day scribe who lives and works in Mexico City. She’s been meticulously reproducing Mexican codices by hand for many years and her work is of fine quality. Several of her codices are on permanent exhibition in the National Anthropology Museum in the capital. You’d think she would have gained widespread recognition. Think again... (Written/compiled by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore)
For starters, to our amazement there’s no acknowledgement in the Museum of Anthropology to Dinorah as the painter of the facsimile codices on display! Worse, a few years ago she donated 200 hand drawn copies of the Codex Boturini to the Mexican Ministry of Education (SEP) for use in schools. She heard nothing more until, to her utter astonishment, a friend alerted her to a radio advert offering (her) copies of the Codex for sale (to tourists) in the Anthropology Museum shop! Upset, she immediately recovered them: they have languished ever since in a cupboard in her house (Pic 1).
Worse still, back in 1992 (for the 500th anniversary of Columbus in America) Dinorah produced - on sheets of real amate bark paper - over a hundred black-and-white copies of key pages from pre-Hispanic codices, and offered them to Mexican education authorities for use in museums and schools, for children to colour in. They were rejected. To add insult to injury, her proposals to work personally in schools with children on codex painting were regularly turned down. Understandably, she has become deeply disillusioned in her efforts to promote the teaching of pre-Columbian art and writing among Mexican children.
Like her Mexica counterpart (top picture, left), Dinorah remains passionate about her work. She has carefully studied the art of the Aztec/Mexica tlacuilo or scribe. Her son Manuel is a scholar with CIESAS (a key Mexican research centre) who has researched and published important studies of ancient Mexican codices. She uses the finest materials to create her facsimiles - animal skins (calf today since it’s now illegal to use deer skin in Mexico) that must be painstakingly scraped and then coated with stucco (very thin plaster) to ‘hold’ the ink, pigments and colours that she sources from around the world (from Mexican azul maya and ochre to Winsor & Newton artists’ materials from England...). She draws with a pencil initially, adding the painted red-and-black outline only at the end with a very fine paintbrush (Pic 2). Just one mistake is fatal - it means starting again from scratch!
Before starting work on a codex, Dinorah offers a simple prayer or dedication, and would encourage Mexican school children to do the same, as a mark of respect for pre-Columbian traditional beliefs.
When, during our meeting with her, she heard of Mexicolore’s work in English schools teaching Aztec/Mexica culture - and with extensive use of replica codices - she did not hesitate: she asked her grandson to retrieve from a shed outside her house a suitcase-worth of over a hundred of her reproduction codex pages, all drawn in black-and-white on amate bark paper - yes, the same ones she herself had offered to Mexican schools back in 1992 - and immediately donated them to us as a resource for primary schools studying the Aztecs here in England (Pic 5). We are deeply grateful to Dinorah for this spontaneous and heart-warming gesture of support.
As we said we would, the Mexicolore team have started donating these wonderful resources to schools that we have visited several times, where we know they will be respected and - above all - made full use of. On this page you can see (Pic 6) photos of the first couple of schools (Autumn 2010) to receive Dinorah’s fine reproductions: Allenbourn Middle School in Wimborne Minster and Freegrounds Junior School in Southampton. They join us in giving warm thanks to Dinorah for her generosity.
In the face of this generosity and goodwill, we can’t help feeling that it’s ironic, infuriating, and disheartening (to say the least) to realise that, by all accounts, we are doing so much here in England, with scant resources, to bring Mexico’s Aztec/Mexica past to life for thousands of children whilst in Mexico every single initiative that we hear of to enrich the country’s history curriculum bites the dust for lack of institutional support. Dinorah’s negative experiences appear to be the tip of the iceberg; many Mexican schools that call themselves ‘bilingual’ turn out to be that in name only; over 100 native languages have died out since the Conquest; when we met Dr. Miguel León-Portilla (August 2010) he told us stories from his own experience of the most blatant discrimination received by indigenous communities trying to find support from government for education/language/literacy projects. Everyone we spoke to confirmed that, since the notorious education reforms of 1994, whole generations of Mexican children are growing up with virtually no awareness of the high civilisations that make up their rich past. This is shameful and a sad indictment, after 200 years of independence, of the priorities chosen by successive Mexican governments (including the present one).
How do you feel the Mexica tlacuilo would feel today to see her modern-day counterpart shunned in this way? Is it because she’s a woman? Or does this reflect a more deep-seated discrimination that goes to the heart of Mexican society today?
We at Mexicolore remain at the service of anyone sharing our aims for a more balanced world, a world that can learn so much from those that made - and painted - history centuries before us...
• Photos by Ian and Phillip Mursell/Mexicolore.
• Image of a woman tlacuilo from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis
Zoe
20th Dec 2024
Ian, let Dinorah know that I would also love to have the codices and that they will have a safe home with me and respected. Not to mention loved.
Mexicolore
Thanks, Zoe. It’s now 12 years since we visited Dinorah - I’m not sure if she’s still with us...
cosca cuauhtli
20th Aug 2012
i would love to receive copies of these codices, i’d even pay for copies if necessary. there are plenty of mexican american people here in l.a that would charish these includding myself. how can i get in touch with her ?
Mexicolore
We’re quite happy to forward any enquiries directly to Dinorah in Mexico.
Fernando Servin
16th Jan 2012
Reading Dinorah’s story both saddens me and gives me hope, since it illustrates the continuance struggle to keep our indigenous culture alive.
I am a leader at a YMCA in California and I was wondering if there was any way I could attain digital copies of Dinorahs amoxtli reproductions? This is for a mesoamerican introductionary lesson for young children.
Thanks!
Mexicolore
In principle we’d be delighted to help this sort of educational initiative. We could take scans of a few of the reproductions and send them to you. We’ll contact you in person on this...
Diana Villafane
21st Oct 2011
Hello Dinorah: I found this page because I write stories and was doing research on which god or goddess was the patron of tlacuilos. On another page I read it was Xochiquétzal but cannot be sure. I’m glad to see there are people keeping the ancient cultures alive. Thank you,
Diana from Puerto Rico
Mexicolore
We think the patron deity of scribes would have been either Quetzalcóatl (as patron of artists, craftspeople and the ‘calmécac’ school, and with his connections to the great Toltec people, from whom the Aztecs believed they inherited arts such as book painting/writing) or Xochipilli (as patron of the arts in general). According to Mary Miller and Karl Taube (‘The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya’) ‘Those born during the ‘trecena’ [13-day period] 1-Monkey were most likely to be artists and scribes. As patron of the ‘trecena’ 1-Monkey, Xochipilli may be the Central Mexican patron of scribes and writing’.
otirudam
14th Jun 2011
After reading this article and visitors comments, u either want to laugh or cry, dont know which. Even if the majority of mexicans and its political and religious leaders are neglecting and demeaning prehispanic lore, the good news is that there will always be somebody to carry the torch of the wisdom of the elders. For that effect i would like to recomend the videos shown in YouTube, of the oral tradition held by Maestro Ocelocoatl, a present day recepient of ancient mexica wisdom. When you visit youtube, look for Ocelocoatl and you will find many of his wonderful and interesting lectures in spanish language.
Quetzalpatzin
27th May 2011
Tlazocamatli, thank you, Dinorah and Ian for the respect and dedication you show for the Mexica traditions. There are many of us in the U.S. and Mexico who are working hard to learn, preserve and share our beautiful legacy. I believe that the discrimination Dinorah experienced is because there is still much bias against women. And those who are in power are still being held captive and defined by European ideas of culture (and values). And greed since they fear giving up land and power if they were to validate the claims of indigenous peoples to ancestral lands. Some of us are called mestizos, (As Cuauhtli and Tecpaocelotl pointed out) as a political term that emphasizes European ancestry (by force in many cases) rather than our Native roots. But we the descendents of the Indigenous Peoples of Mexico are returning to our spiritual home of Aztlan and showing through word and action that it is okay to stand up and speak out and share the medicine and wisdom of the Old Ones. Tiahui Mexica!
Azcatl
16th Dec 2010
Dinorah, first of all thank you for all the hard work and deication, forgive US/Mexico for its ignorance of your wonferful work and Total lack of appreciation
I have learned more from Anglos (and I say that with respect) than from my own people, I read a book called “The Luck of Huemoc” by Daniel Peters which really installed pride in the courage and accomplishment of my people.
The only native Mexican that I know of that is trying to spread pride in our race is Xavier Quijas Yxayotl who does it at Knotts Berry farm in Buena Park, an amusement park. Its sad have to go to an amusement part to learn about our native music and dance but Im glad he is there.
If I had the power I would promote you all as honorary Eagle warriors for doing what WE should be doing for ourselves.
Regards
Cuauhtli
2nd Nov 2010
Ian couldn’t have said it better, I think it truly is sad that Europeans are more interested in our ancient Mexican history then we are. But at the same time, I think its great that English adults/youth are involved in these work shops and our getting educated on our past, mexicolore is doing a great job educating the world and letting everyone know that indigenous people were not savages as they have always been portrayed. The truth is the mexican government doesn’t care for our past, they want to continue to promote this whole “mestizo” identity where we can’t fully take pride on our indigenous blood. The racist criollos as Tecpaocelotl pointed out, continue to play a huge roll in the mexican government. I recommend that you guys at mexicolore would read a book called Mexico Profundo by Guillermo Bonfil Battalla, it addresses alot of the issues that continue to go on in Mexico since the conquest. It would give you guys a better idea on why things are the way they are in Mexico. Great article, thank you Ian!
Mexicolore
Thanks for this encouragement! We’ve ordered the book by Bonfil Batalla and look forward to learning from it. Who knows, we might start a campaign on this issue...
Joanna Sotres
1st Nov 2010
I just saw the article “A tale of two ‘tlacuilos’”, that you wrote,
and I find it very interesting, and so unbelievable that other countries and other communities are doing more to try and save the beauty of the mexican history, than the same people in Mexico (except great people like Dinorah), and it’s true, because I sometimes ask people here, about their history and past, and they don’t seem to know!!
I’ve been disappointed about Education here in Mexico in many aspects since many years ago. I’ve learnt more about the aztecs
from you guys at Mexicolore, than from my 3 different schools for 8 years, here in Mexico, and personally I think that Mexico has a beautiful history, past and traditions!
Anyway, I find it a very good and honest article!!
(Joanna is a 17-year-old Mexican student in Querétaro)
Mexicolore
Come and join us when you’re older, Joanna! Many thanks for the positive feedback.
tecpaocelotl
31st Oct 2010
The reproduction images look great.
The 90’s were a bad time for people like Dinorah. I remember hearing of Salvador Carrasco, writer and director of the Other Conquest, he wanted to donate the traditional home that was in the movie, the Mexican government refused it, so what he did instead was have it burned in the movie. Very sad.
I remember a while back I went to the Yoreme (most people know them as Mayo, considered the most neglected & ignored of the Mexican Natives in Mexico) community to help. I remember they ask for political officers to come to help them, but all they did was promote themselves for the upcoming election. Very sad.
We as a people must educate our people, not the government. Most of those in power are still the Criollos, who in a weird way, are still destroying our culture by doing the most simplest thing of all, by ignoring it.
Tlacuilo (Aztec scribe) ancient and modern