Mexicolore logoMexicolore name

God of the Month: Tezcatlipoca

25th May 2007

God of the Month: Tezcatlipoca

Tezcatlipoca, adapted from Codex Borgia

For the Aztecs Tezcatlipoca represented celestial creativity and divine paternalism. He was the soul of the world, the creator of sky and earth, the lord of all things, both powerful and arbitrary. He was also the patron of all men who were rich - nobles, leaders, warriors and merchants - and probably the most ‘important’ god in the Aztec pantheon... (Written/compiled by Julia Flood/Mexicolore)

...However, this didn't mean that he was always good and loyal to his people. He was willful, in a second giving or taking away riches, terrible illnesses and poverty. The Aztecs had to make sure that they pleased him, regularly praying, holding fasts, rituals, ceremonies and banquets in his honour. They did not want to see Tezcatlipoca in a bad mood!

Name of God: Tezcatlipoca, "Smoking Mirror".
Parents: The original creator, the dual god Ometeotl "Two God", also known as Omecihuatl, "Two Lady" and Ometecuhtli "Two Lord".
Siblings: Ometeotl had four offspring, two of which were different aspects of the same god: Red Tezcatlipoca and Black Tezcatlipoca. The other two were Quetzalcoatl "plumed serpent" and, according to experts, either Tlaloc (rain god) or Huitzilopochtli (Aztec patron and war god).
Current abode: Luckily for him, Tezcatlipoca can be everywhere at one time, on earth, the heavens and in the underworld.
Favourite colours: Black and red. The title of "Smoking Mirror" linked Tezcatlipoca to obsidian, a black, volcanic stone whose shiny surface could be used as a mirror. The darkness of the obsidian mirror symbolised the black/dark aspects of his being. Tezcatlipoca's bellicose [warlike] nature related him to red.


Tezcatlipoca was a creator... According to the Aztecs, the world as we know it was created at the beginning of an age called the 'Fifth Sun'. The beginning of the Fifth Sun followed a catastrophic deluge that destroyed all things, both living and inanimate, belonging to the previous age of the 'Fourth Sun'. After the flood there existed only a vast expanse of water, and in it swam a monstrous being, Tlalteotl, or 'Earth God' (Pic 3). She was covered in eyes and mouths and hunted throughout the vast ocean for living flesh.

Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl, his brother, were chosen to create the new world of the Fifth Sun, so they turned into snakes and sought Tlalteotl in her watery depths. Upon finding her they tore her in two. However during the battle she bit off one of Tezcatlipoca's feet (Pic 4). Defeated nonetheless, Tlalteotl had her bottom half thrown upwards by the brothers, thus forming the heavens. Her top half became the earth; her back was the mountains, and rivers ran down her sides. Tlalteotl, earth goddess, was sacrificed for the good of mankind, who lived from her body: the earth and sky. Therefore, it was understood that she must be rewarded with sacrifice: the blood and hearts of men.
 

TEZCATLIPOCA FACT FILE
Thirteen day calendar sign: Ce Ocelotl (1 Jaguar). This birth sign brought little but bad luck. Men born under Ce Ocelotl were likely to become war prisoners in foreign lands, womanisers or slaves, whilst women would commit adultery and suffer a life of hardship.

Sahagún's informers also attributed power to Tezcatlipoca in the thirteen day period of Ce Miquiztli (1 Death). This was an auspicious sign to be born under if you were a dutiful and devout subject to Tezcatlipoca. If you weren't, however, a life of bad luck lay in store.
The Ce Miquiztli thirteen day period was the perfect time for great leaders, nobles, warriors and merchants to pray that Tezcatlipoca did not take away their fortunes. Commoners who begged humbly to Tezcatlipoca were equally as likely to gain favour from him, and be presented wealth and good health.

Day sign: Acatl or Reed
Festive Month: Toxcatl or 'Dryness'. This twenty day 'month' took place throughout May and involved a number of rituals that, in the most part, were dedicated to Tezcatlipoca. The ceremonies started once the Ixiptla or 'live image' of the god, in the form of a young man, was sacrificed. Over the next few days a statue of Huitzilopochtli, made out of dough, was worshipped and people made special offerings to this Aztec patron in their homes, killing quail in his honour. Later on, young women, holding cane and paper in their hands, went, along with priests, and performed many dances, among which was Tlanaua, in which Huitzilopochtli was symbolically 'embraced' by them. To end the twenty days, another young man was killed, this time the live image of Huitzilopochtli, although he was considered to be far less important than Tezcatlipoca's counterpart.

Mischievous or mean? Tezcatlipoca was hell-bent on destroying Quetzalcoatl and the Toltecs.
Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca, being 'creator' gods and direct sons of the original deity Ometeotl, constantly struggled against each other for power. Alternating as regents of each of the five Ages, it was Quetzalcoatl who had become the solar deity during the Fifth Sun. In one of many episodes concerning the two brothers' rivalry, Tezcatlipoca came down from the heavens on a rope made of spider webs, chased and ousted Quetzalcoatl, now an old priest, from his home in Tollan Xicocotitlan (Tula). Using his great art of disguise, Tezcatlipoca targeted the inhabitants of Tollan for their loyalty to his brother. The Florentine Codex recounts the many harmful acts the deity inflicted upon the Toltecs, Huémac (their king) and Quetzalcoatl. In one, Tezcatlipoca, disguised as an old man, tricked Quetzalcoatl into drinking a potion to cure him of his oldness and infirmity. After consuming the liquid, Queztalcoatl realised, too late, that it was teómetl, an alcoholic drink from the Maguey plant, and he became drunk, breaking his religious vows and thus provoking his exile and downfall.

Luxury, women, and god-like status... why not become Tezcatlipoca's 'live image' or Ixiptla? Only one hitch though...
Tezcatlipoca's Ixiptla was a young attractive man with not a scar on his body. He was chosen to be the god's own image and representative on earth for the space of a year from amongst the captives caught in Aztec campaigns abroad. His abilities to learn music were remarkable, and during his time as Tezcatlipoca's 'living image' he was constantly accompanied by eight page boys. Together they would roam the streets of Tenochtitlan at night, playing melancholy tunes on the flute. He would attend ceremonies and banquets laid out by nobles, and all those that met him in the street would prostrate themselves before him in reverence.

So where was the flaw in this idyllic lifestyle? A year after the Ixiptla was chosen, he was sacrificed to mark the beginning of the spring Toxcatl festivities. Twenty days before this date, he was wed to four maidens representing goddesses. His sacrifice would take place without spectators, in a neglected temple far from the city centre. The Ixiptla slowly climbed to the temple's top of his own free will, breaking one of his flutes with each step upwards (Pic 11). Once with the priests, he was held, spread eagled, by four of them while their leader cut open his chest and pulled out his heart.
So you see, for us, being Tezcatlipoca's Ixiptla was not worth all the banquets in the world. Nevertheless, to be chosen for this role was considered by the Aztecs to be a great honour.

Tezcatlipoca's different names:
As Titlacauan or 'We his Slaves' Tezcatlipoca represented a source of universal power, just like his identity as Moyocoyatzin or 'Maker of Himself'. In this role, the deity did everything that he wanted to as nobody, mortal or immortal, could stop him. Nahua belief in Tezcatlipoca's potential to destroy and pull down the sky, killing all living things, served to gauge his position as possibly the most powerful of all Aztec deities. Other names such as Nécoc Yaotl, 'Enemy', confirm his position as the 'sower of discord'. Telpochtli or 'Male Youth', classed him as patron of the Telpochcalli, school for commoners. Additionally, he was called Yohualli Ehécatl, 'Night Wind', Ome Acatl, 'Two Reed', and Ilhuicahua Tlalticpaque, 'Possessor of Sky and Earth'.

A good time to be a slave…
During the thirteen day period of Ce Miquiztli, those families that owned slaves took them out of their bindings, washed, clothed and bestowed gifts upon them. They were looked upon as the children of Tezcatlipoca. If anyone treated a slave badly during this period, it was thought that he or she would be punished, losing all wealth or becoming sick with either leprosy, tumours, gout, scabies or dropsy.
If slaves went missing, became free and prosperous, or a slave owner lost his fortune, it was all down to Tezcatlipoca. It was seemingly simple: humility would help achieve greatness or appease the deity and arrogance could secure his anger and, therefore, one's downfall. Tezcatlipoca wasn't anybody's faithful friend; he was just looking for a reason to wreck and ruin, or create and lavish. That was his nature.

Did Moctezuma really own a zoo?
The last of the Aztec emperors, Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, housed a large collection of live animals, said by some to form a zoo, within the luxurious confines of his palace. Some investigators, however, think that these animals represented 'nahualtin', the gods' animal representatives on earth. According to their theory, the animals would have been religious symbols, not mere amusements for the emperor and his entourage. Tezcatlipoca, himself, was represented in various animal forms, as a coyote, lobster, monkey, turkey and vulture. In his regal form of jaguar, he represented darkness, earth and femininity. At the end of the First Sun or age, of which Tezcatlipoca was regent, Quetzalcoatl defeated him in one of their many battles, by turning him into a jaguar (then considered to be the most powerful animal in Mesoamerica).
 

Tezcatlipoca's statue:
Tezcatlipoca was always represented as a young god and some important elements of his human form can be found in the statue dedicated to his worship. Made of obsidian, it was adorned with rich robes, earrings of gold and silver, and from its lip hung a crystal with a feather inside it. He wore a gold ornament with smoke curls etched on it, the smoke representing the pleas of suffering people. Another interesting feature was on his left hand: a gold ornament as shiny as a mirror. It was called 'itlachiaya' or 'his lookout', which meant that he saw all that happened in the world. Tezcatlipoca also symbolised justice, and in this guise he was portrayed sitting down by a cloth with small skulls and shin bones on it. His left hand held a shield and his right hand grasped four spears and a dart that was lifted up as if ready to be thrown forward in punishment.

 

SOURCES:-
Magazines:
"Los animales en el México prehispánico", Arqueologóa Mexicana No.35, 1999, Mexico City, Mexico.
"Rocas y minerales del México Antiguo", Arqueología Mexicana No.27, 1997, Mexico City, Mexico.
"Costumbres funerarias en Mesoamérica", Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, Arqueología Mexicana, No.40, 1999, pp. 11-19, Mexico City, Mexico.
"Dioses y escritura pictográfica", Luis Reyes García, Arqueología Mexicana, No.23, 1997, pp.24-33, Mexico City, Mexico.
"El panteón Mexica", Dúrdica Ségota, Arqueología Mexicana, No.15, 1995, pp.32-41, Mexico City, Mexico.
"Las cuevas de Teotihuacan", Doris Heyden, Arqueología Mexicana, No.34, 1998, pp.18-27, Mexico City, Mexico.
 

Books:
León Portilla, Miguel, "La visión de los vencidos", UNAM, DGSCA, Coordinación de Publicaciones Digitales, 2003, Mexico City, Mexico.
Miller, Mary and Karl Taube, "The gods and symbols of ancient México and the Maya: an illustrated dictionary of Mesoamerican religion", 1st edition, Thames and Hudson, 1993, London, UK.
Molina, Fray Alonso de “Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana”, preliminary study by Miguel León Portilla, 4th edition, Editorial Porrúa, 2001, Mexico City, Mexico.
Sahagún, Fray Bernadino de “Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España”, Prologue by Angel María Garibay, 6th edition, Editorial Porrúa, 1985, Mexico City, Mexico.
Smith, Michael E. “The Aztecs”, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 1996.

Codices:
Codex Borbonicus, Codex Féjérvary-Mayer, Florentine Codex, Codex Magliabecchiano.
*Images from a text by Dr. Alfredo López Austin "Los ritos: un juego de definiciones", p.10, Arqueología Mexicana, No.34.

Cuauhtli

Ode to Tezcatlipoca (another Aztec limerick):-
The trickster god Tezcatlipoca
Led the Mexica to go off their rocker
His mirror did smoke
Which made ordinary folk
Speak in tongues, which they called Popoloca.

Comments (7)

T

Taytay

15th May 2023

Thank you!!

M

Mexicolore

Pleasure!

T

Taytay

13th May 2023

Hi! I’ve noticed that Tezcatlipoca is often synchronized with other, more more minor gods, like Tepeyollotl and Macuiltotec. Would it be accurate to assume that these are other forms of Tezcatlipoca?

M

Mexicolore

Yes. Tepeyollotl Heart of the Mountain) was definitely an aspect of Yayauhqui Tezcatlipoca (Black Tezcatlipoca). In honesty we haven’t heard of Macuiltotec...

L

Leyla

16th Aug 2011

The Aztec Gods have reoccurred. Quetzalcoatl in the 52 year cycle was born in 1935 and is currently living in London with Xolotl his double, we believe him to have been born in Germany or one of the Scandinavian countries, and they have fallen and chosen evil, they and their dark forces were behind 911 & 7/7 bombings and so much more. Quetzalcoatl may show himself to the world in 2012 although he is already here but is hidden from the masses. Tezcatlipoca will arrive soon after or before this we hope and will deal with Quetzalcoatl & all evil on earth, and whatever was said about Tezcatlipoca in the past, Tezcatlipoca is a God of Good and there will be no more human sacrificing, and Tezcatlipoca will make the world an idyllic place to live, because he can, and he remove all evil from earth. The war to end all wars will happen in 2039 when Tezcatlipoca will win and end all evil on earth, once and for all. The Aztec prophecies were destroyed by the Spanish Christian army by the order of Quetzalcoatl, for if the truth be known, no one would follow or worship Quetzalcoatl. Ometeotl spoke to my broth and myself on the 22-09-2010 and has given us “The Good Word” to release to the world as this will lift all dark or negative energy from a person mind and end Quetzalcoatl’s mind control over them, but we can only release The Creator’s good word live and to the world so it is not corrupted by the dark forces or evil beings may try to take credit for it, but The Media is not taking us seriously so we are going to number 10 Downing Street on the 8th September 2011 (weather permitting) in person as the world really needs The Creators help now as human being do not have a chance against the influence of Quetzalcoatl & his dark forces powers.

M

Mexicolore

Crikey! Let’s just hope the goodies win against the baddies. Personally, thank god I will be long dead and gone by 2039... If you happen to know Quetzalcoatl’s address here in London, do pass it on: I’d be happy to drop him a postcard in the post pointing out what a meanie he’s been...

A

Adrian

12th Aug 2010

This is wrong we never believed in gods whatsoever. Tezcatlipoca (tezcatl)mirror poca(smokey)
wheres the god in it? we believed in pure metaphors tezcatlipoca is your conscious your self reflection of who you are inside. my tezcatlipoca conscious woke up when i learned about my culture and became a mesheekah. i spoke to a nahuatl man who is fluent in nahuatl we were talking about how we didnt believe in gods and how they were all pure metaphors. the spanish did not understand the beauty of our culture and everything to them was the devil. these metaphors helped us understand the creater Ometeotl. the dual cosmic energy that keeps the world in motion.

C

Carl de Borhegyi

27th May 2010

Regarding Tezcatlipoca:
The Aztec god named Tezcatlipoca known as “Obsidian Mirror” or “Smoking Mirror”” represents a god who could see the entire world in the reflection of his mirror. In Aztec culture the jaguar is the supreme symbol of the underworld and was the animal guise of the god Tezcatlipoca Quetzalcoatl’s opposite or evil twin who like the goggled eyed Tlaloc also represents a were jaguar and the Evening Star aspect of the planet Venus.
Maya vase paintings depict bundle rituals and vase ceremonies (mushroom beverage) in which rulers or priests with painted red lips speak and stare into the obsidian mirror, magic mirrors that conjured up fire from the suns rays, and opened sacred portals to the underworld.
In a letter to my father Dr. Stephan F. de Borhegyi (March 31, 1953), mycologist R. Gordon Wasson mentions that the mushroom may be an iconograph for the making of fire. Wasson writes that in all primitive communities firemaking is a focus of acute attention, and often attended by transcendental associations. He points out that in many parts of the world primitive people have hit on dried fungi as the ideal primary tinder for firemaking and that the god ivoked in the making of fire and the god of fire itself might be identical. He notes that In Greece Ixion was the fire-making god, and Wasson suggests that in one Etruscan mirror representing this god he found the fungus that was also perhaps his symbol.
The rivalry between Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca as dualistic opposites symbolizes the conflicts which existed between the civilized Toltecs and the rest of the Nahua people. In times of famine or plague the ancient Mexicans fully believed that Tezcatlipoca possessed the supreme power of life and death and that universal prayer was made to Tezcatlipoca indicating the important position he occupied in Mexican mythology. A god of sorcery, Tezcatlipoca “Smoking Mirror” was the god who tricked Quetzalcoatl into leaving his beloved city of Tollan/Tula... A god whose symbol of power was an obsidian or smoking mirror upon his head and who’s foot transforms into a serpent.
The Maya version of Tezcatlipoca was the god named K’awil also known as God K, G II and Tohil. K’awil has also been referred to as “Obsidian Mirror” or ”Smoking Mirror” because he is depicted with an obsidian mirror in his fore head which emanates a spiritual force which resonates like smoke in the form of a vision serpent. K’awil may have been conjured through rituals which involved the consumption of mushrooms and other hallucagens using mirrors to summon his divine presence.
Gordon Wasson wrote in a letter to my father archaeologist Stephan F. de Borhegyi, that mushrooms were only consumed after their ritual decapitation from the stem, and that the stems of the mushroom were never eaten, and that the mushrooms were never chewed, but swallowed. The one leggedness of K’awil and Tezcatlipoca may in fact be derived from the stem of the mushroom.
In Aztec culture the jaguar is the underworld spirit, and the animal guise of the god Tezcatlipoca. K’awil’s Nahua (Mexican) counterpart is the goggled eyed Tlaloc who is also identified with the jaguar and the underworld, and like K’awil’s brother Chac are both associated with lighting and the planet Venus. It was believed that objects such as stone axehead, flint and obsidian as well as mushrooms were all products of lighting when lighting strikes the earth. Gordon Wasson wrote that it was believed by the people of Mexico that from the energy of lighting, and the Moon mushrooms sprouted from the underworld. K’awil name also means “life’s sustenance”. K’awil is often depicted in Maya vase paintings as the so-called Vision Serpent, a bearded dragon from which deified ancestors and K’awil emerges. He is a dualistic god, a divine portal materialized from lighting, mushrooms and blood sacrifice.
Similar to Tezcatlipoca, K’awil can always be identified by his one legged serpent foot, manifested by lighting energy. K’awil represents a Maya version of a cosmic serpent or double headed serpent linked with his brother Chac also connected with lighting and the ritual of decapitation and the planet Venus. K’awil is a Mayanized version of Quetzalcoatl known to the Quiche Maya as the Sovereign Plumed Serpent and to the Maya of Yucatan as Kukulcan, or Feathered Serpent. There fore its presumed that K’awil and Chac, who are both linked to serpents and lighting are another version of Sovereign Plumed Serpent and Heart of the Sky, named Hurricane in the Popol Vuh. They are the trinity of gods referred to in the Popol Vuh. “Three came into existence”, Thunderbolt Hurricane who came first, than Newborn Thunderbolt came second followed by Raw Thunderbolt, referring to the three hearth stones or gods of Maya creation that were placed into the night sky.
”So there were three of them, as the Heart of the Sky, who came to the Sovereign Plumed Serpent, when the Dawn of Life was conceived” (Popol Vuh).
Carl de Borhegyi

C

Carl de Borhegyi

27th May 2010

Who is the god Tezcatlipoca ?

The opposite or alter ego of Quetzalcoatl was the god Tezcatlipoca, a god who symbolized the night sky, who never grows old (Quetzalcoatl is most commonly depicted as an aged deity), and his mirror reflects the dark side of evil that is within us all. The mythological conflicts between these to gods have been characterized as the good and pure Quetzalcoatl (Morning Star resurrection god) verses the evil Tezcatlipoca. Tezcatlipoca (Evening Star aspect of Venus) was the giver and taker away of life, and with his magic mirror, he could stare into the hearts and souls of men. A supreme god of the Aztecs, Tezcatlipoca which means “smoking mirror” was the patron god of sorcery and war and was the patron god of the ruling dynasty.
Pre-Conquest stories describe how Quetzalcoatl was responsible for the creation and destruction of the world along with his sometime competitor Tezcatlipoca. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca were mythical brothers (dualistic opposites) who fought violently with each other and with each battle one of the four world ages is destroyed and replaced by another, each taking turns vanquishing each other. The fifth and final age is ruled by Tezcatlipoca, leaving the door open for Quetzalcoatl triumphant return.

In the Aztec legend of the Fifth Sun there is a part which is not found in the Quiche’s creation story in the Popol Vuh, the belief that this fifth sun which currently gives us light, was to die, like the other suns, only not by flood or by fire but destroyed by earthquakes on the day called 4-Earthquake. In the legend of the suns the death of the sun fell on the day that carried the numeral 4 which occurred for the Mayas on day that fell on the day 4 Ahau.

The prophecy of a great flood that caused the end of the world was described for us in great detail in the Popol Vuh a book written by the Highland Quiche Maya at the time of the Spanish conquest.
According to the Popol Vuh, at the end of the last world age, many people were drowned and those who did not die were changed into monkeys. It was the god Hurakan (Heart of Heaven) (aka…Tezcatlipoca ?) who caused the mighty flood that wiped out the last creation, the same god who is said to have created the earth along with Gukumatz (Quetzalcoatl) the Feathered Serpent. In the Codex Rios the events of the past world’s destruction in Aztec mythology are depicted, showing a feathered serpent, along with a fire serpent Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca. The constant clashing of opposing forces seems to be the fundamental concept of pre-Columbian thought, and is expressed in mythology predominantly in the clashes between Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca, and in the symbolism of the eagle and the jaguar. Together they represent the cyclical order of life from death.

Because all of Mesoamerica shared a similar legend of the creation of this world and of our present sun and depending on the time period and culture the story can vary, so I will refer to the creation story recorded in the Codex Chimalpopoca of Central Mexico.

The first of these worlds, was known as 4-Water and was ruled by a water goddess named Chalchiuhtlicue. This world was destroyed when it was engulfed by a great flood, some of the people where saved by being transformed into fish. The second world was known as 4-Jaguar, it was ruled by the god named Tezcatlipoca and that this world came to an end when the sun fell from the sky and set the world ablaze. With no sun to shine, the remaining people were left in darkness and eaten by jaguars. The third world was known as 4-Rain, and was ruled by the god named Tlaloc but this world was destroyed by a great rain of fire and gravel. The forth sun was known as Four Wind and was ruled by a god named Quetzalcoatl-Ehecatl. This age came to an end when a great wind blew the people off the face of the earth. Some of the people survived but they were changed into monkeys (monkeys have a close connection with Quetzalcoatl) who scattered themselves in the forests and mountains. The current age of the fifth sun known as 4-Motion, represents our present world and sun, which ends or comes to a close in 2012, this according to the GMT correlation of the Maya Long Count Calendar (see 2012 Alert !! at mushroomstone.com). The prophecy foretold is that our world and sun will be destroyed by earthquakes and famine and that bloodthirsty demon would hunt for humans and that if any humans managed to survive they would be quickly turned into animals.
In order to set in motion the Fifth Sun, all the gods from Teotihuacan lined up one by one to be sacrificed by a god named Quetzalcoatl. They all were willing to have their hearts torn out so as to give the new sun new life, nourishment in the form of blood and because of this sacred act; both the sun and the moon were set in motion and raised into the sky. Stressing the sacrificial nature of creation, by the gods from Teotihuacan it was from this act that the world and the new sun was created and that in return for this gift of life and the secret to immortality, death being the door, sacrifices were to be made to the gods of the underworld responsible for death rebirth and resurrection in the underworld.

M

Martin

18th Aug 2009

Wonderful. Smoking Mirror - definitely my favourite Aztec God. Just those images - smoking mirror, the north sky and fate - all wrapped up in a warrior god - one of the deepest and most enigmatic of all gods from around the world.