Article suitable for older students
Find out more2nd Feb 2014
Mexicolore contributor Professor Liz Graham
We’re sincerely grateful to Panel of Experts member Elizabeth Graham, Professor of Mesoamerican Archaeology at University College London, for this quick, fun, helpful, entry-level comparison between the Mexica (Aztecs) and the Maya. We hope teachers preparing for the National Curriculum change from Aztecs to Maya will find it an excellent starting point...
Where do the Aztecs and Maya live today, & where did they live in the past?
The people who are known as the ‘Aztecs’ and ‘Maya’ live in Mexico and Central America today, and lived in the same areas in the past. The Aztec political centre was present-day Mexico City and the land around it. This is where the Aztec Empire was based. We call the area the ‘Basin of Mexico’ or ‘Valley of Mexico’ because Mexico City and the land around it form a large valley (or basin) surrounded by high mountains. In the past, the rivers that ran down the mountains formed a huge lake in the valley, called Lake Texcoco, and the Aztecs built their main city on an island in this lake. Not much of the lake remains today because Mexico City was built on it.
Maya civilisation was spread out across the Yucatan Peninsula (this includes the Mexican states of Campeche, Yucatan, Quintano Roo and part of Tabasco) and includes Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras and western El Salvador. Unlike the Aztecs, the Maya were never an empire. The Maya world was made up of many city-states, although some city-states became more powerful than others.
When did Aztec and Maya civilisation exist?
This is complicated because dates are always changing! Maya civilisation goes back at least to about 1500 B.C. and existed until the time the Spanish arrived in the area in the 1500s. Belize is interesting because in Belize, it is the British who settled in Maya territory. But the Maya are best known for the large cities they built that flourished from about 300 B.C. until A.D. 900. In the 900s, there was a lot of political turmoil and some (not all) cities were abandoned. This period is known as the Maya ‘collapse’. Many of the Maya seemed to get a lot more interested in maritime trade after the collapse, and in commerce in general, as if the fall of the powerful dynasties made it easier for everyone else to rise in the world! Smaller cities then spread out across the peninsula and it is these cities that the Spaniards saw when they came to Yucatan. Cortes arrived in 1519.
The Aztec Empire flourished from about 1300 (1326 is the usual date given) until its conquest by the Spaniards in 1520-21. The Aztecs were in the Valley of Mexico before 1300 but it took them a while to consolidate their power. And that is a great story in itself!
Who were the Aztecs and the Maya?
Well, in fact these names are fake. The Aztecs did not call themselves Aztecs, and the Maya did not call themselves Maya. It gets complicated, but the people we now call ‘Maya’ actually called themselves by the name of their home town or city. We call them ‘Maya’ because linguists now know that all the languages of the Maya area are connected to a common root that existed sometime around 1,500 B.C. But the ancient Maya didn’t know that! It would be a bit like us giving one name to all the people who spoke a language that derived from Indo-European; or, say, giving Italians, French, Spanish, Romanians and the people who speak Romansh all the same name because we know their languages are connected. Kind of crazy...but...because we don’t have good records of what the Maya called themselves, we use ‘Maya’. The language or languages we call ‘Mayan’. Today there are about 30 Mayan languages.
As for the Aztecs, the ones who dominated the empire are mostly Mexica-Culhua. There were LOTS of ethnic groups with unpronounceable (to us) names living around the Basin of Mexico: Mexica, Culhua, Acolhua, Tepaneca, Matlazinca... to name but a few.
The upper classes of these groups all intermarried - exactly like the ruling houses of the past in Europe and the corporate executives of today. Some things never change. So in fact, the people called ‘Aztec’ were a mixed bag. On the other hand, most of the groups living around Lake Texcoco traced their ancestry to a place called ‘Aztlan’ (the Spanish got the word ‘Aztec’ from ‘Aztlan’). No one can be sure where Aztlan was, but most evidence puts it completely outside Mexico in the southwest U.S.! Groups slowly moved south into Mexico over the centuries. They all spoke, and still speak, a language called ‘Nahuatl’ and this is what unites them. Like English today or French or Latin in the past, Nahuatl spread widely into many other cultural and ethnic areas. By the time the Spaniards came, even the Maya spoke Nahuatl in addition to their native languages.
What did the Aztecs and Maya do for us?
• Some words from Nahuatl (Aztecs): chocolate, tomato, avocado, chilli, coyote, ocelot, atlatl, guacamole
• Some words from Mayan languages: cacao (cocoa), shark, cigar.
How are the Maya and Aztecs alike?
Main similarities: agriculture, books, some aspects of the calendar, importance of jade, attitudes towards war and conflict (they did not kill on the battlefield)
• Corn (maize) was the basis of the diet as well as beans and squash; corn was soaked in a lime solution (yes, the same stuff you put on soil in gardens) which added calcium and made a greater range of proteins available. Doritos are made this way and are good for you!
• Cacao (chocolate) only grew in the tropics but everyone loved it and the Aztecs imported it.
• There were no cattle or sheep or goats so they didn’t have to knock down the forest to graze their animals.
• Everyone walked everywhere or travelled in canoes (no cars or horses or the wheel) so it was a lively landscape and seascape with people selling food and drinks and resting places to everyone else. Great for business!
• They both liked tobacco and smoked cigars (not pipes).
• There was lots of trade between the two areas (Valley of Mexico and Yucatan Peninsula); merchants were really important to both societies.
How are they different?
Both kept written records and books, but the Maya had a written language that was phonetic. The Maya also inscribed stone monuments with text on the histories of dynasties. They practiced astronomy, used mathematics, and had the concept of zero. The Maya were also sea traders and great maritime people; the Aztecs were more land and lake-oriented. Art styles were different. The Maya created some of what we would call ‘realistic’ representations of people. The Aztecs were wonderful at depicting realistic animals with great sensitivity.
Picture sources:-
• Map: adapted fom the map by Luis Covarrubias, scanned from our copy of Trajes Regionales de México, text and illustrations by L. Covarrubias, Fischgrund Ediciones de Arte, Mexico City, 1978
• Illustration by Ignacio Marquina scanned from our own copy of Arquitectura Prehispánica by I. Marquina, INAH/SEP, Mexico, 1951, p.197
• Photo of Palenque from Wikipedia
• All other photos by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore.
Dee
3rd Feb 2025
I don’t so much mind Xitlali’s comment. I think they have righteous anger. To the point about pronunciation I would love to know how Xitlali pronounces their name. The language sounds so beautiful to the ear. Sorry if I misspelled your name.
Quiauh
14th Dec 2024
Xitlali took a hostile approach, but the question was valid. Calling our words unpronounceable has been a consistent tool for dehumanizing us. This site is usually better than that.
Mexicolore
Thanks for taking a reasoned and helpful position on this. Xitlali’s message was, by any standards, unnecessarily and gratuitously vitriolic and aggressive. We accept your criticism and in response have now greyed in the sensitive words in Prof Graham’s text above so others can see and evaluate for themselves what this was about...
Xitlali
24th Aug 2024
Why say that you can pronounce our names? This is where you white people always feel entitled to treat indigenous people one way or another. You colonizer really don’t get it. Wish your people never touched our sacred land, and remain in your own continent. All you Europeans brought was filth, disease and ignorance.
Mexicolore
What a lovely, cheery, happy, gentle, cooperative, friendly, inclusive, supportive message to receive! Happy New Year to you too...
Ben Dover
20th Oct 2023
Bro whoever is comment 12 keep on yappin buddy.
todd harrell holmes
24th Dec 2022
Call me crazy, but I have noticed that Aztec art, at least as seen in the Codex Borgia, looks remarkably similar to Tibetan Buddhist art.
Mexicolore
Many thanks for flagging this up...
John Roscoe
26th Oct 2022
I’m sorry but comment number 11 is complete nonsense.
Mexicolore
Aren’t you being a bit OTT? Please enlighten us as to why...
Maria Baum
6th Jun 2022
For the ancient Maya, each letter has a weight, a number, a vibration, and a color. Names and numbers are very important. The sum of the letters in a name has a weight that gives a vibration that gives color, sound, and shadow. If a letter is added or removed, the meaning, weight, color, sound, and shadow will change.
The Maya-Lacandón still believe that the date, time, weather, and place where a child is born, and the name given to the child, will affect him for the rest of his life. Names and dates are very important. When a name was chosen by the Ājq’Ij (Spiritual Guide) the name should not be changed.
“That is why the name is Maya, not Mayan,” said the Elder, “the white men want to take our shadow, our weight, our music.” Maya Elder Notes — MOB. Mayan is a word that some authors started using in the 70’s.
Mexicolore
Many thanks for these insights into traditional Maya culture...
Jeanne
6th Jun 2021
Note to Flor Armenta. The slaughter of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, commencing with Hernan Cortez’ overthrow of the Aztec empire was brutal as was its subsequent enslaving and forced conversions on pain of death. Far more people died from the Spanish conquest of Mexico than the British (Not that they were less brutal, just that they never conquered much territory in the Americas). This is such an important a part of the history of the continent.
Ashurbanipal
13th Apr 2021
@Moctezuma - If the Aztecs were really so violent and killed their own people to the same degree the Europeans did, the society would’ve collapsed very quickly and this webpage wouldn’t exist.
Descendant of Moctezuma
6th Apr 2021
Like the Aztecs were so peaceful. They were bloody and violent. They flayed people in the name of their bloody religion. I’m part Aztec or at least I’m a descendant of the Mexica and I am not proud of it.
5540 Pemberton st
6th Mar 2021
When the Spanish came here, they didn’t bring any women, those Natives was raped and slaughtered, and they brought attack dogs . Ain’t nothing nice about any greedy European, and there lust for riches and power !!!!!!
Elijah
11th Jan 2021
Hey random question but when was this article published? And who’s your publisher?
Mexicolore
Thanks for prompting us: we forgot to add the upload date (2/2/14). We are our own publishing house, ‘Mexicolore’.
Flor Armenta
23rd Sep 2020
Mexicans are mostly a mixed breed between the indegenous people some of Mayan and Aztec decent, and the Spanish who, did not slaugter them like the English did, but colonized by inbreed..
Mayra G Arzate
7th May 2020
I really like the information given here. I am s student archaeologist studying the ancient Maya and was inspired to study this civilization due to my native heritage from Mexico. I do wonder a lot if the Maya were the same people as the Aztecs/Mexica but at a much later period in time? Because there is a lot of similarities in culture and traditions that should be considered for scholars naming them “different people”. I recently started identifying myself as Mexica/Maya because I was born in Mexico and have family roots embedded in that land but also feel pretty Maya at heart. Thank you!
Hayden
28th Apr 2020
Yes, my name is Hayden and Im mexican, no I do not live in US,i live in Mexico City, and im glad there is people that really investigate what are they doing, not like the movies, were they always but Mexico as a desert. this is a really accurate document of our story, thank for the info!
Sohaila
27th Feb 2019
This article really helped me a lot thank you for putting your time and effort into this work I love you
lauren arce
13th Mar 2014
Why don’t people in mexico identify themselves as of mayan or of aztec decent? why do they call themselves mexican? Is Mexico considered a construct of the Spanish imperialism? or is Mexico/Mexican considered their own making?
Mexicolore
Many Mexicans DO identify themselves as being of Aztec, Maya (or other indigenous cultures) descent. Calling yourself Mexican is like a Cornish person calling him/herself British; it just adds another layer of identity (and often pride...)
Mexicolore contributor Professor Liz Graham