10th May 2010
Aztecs smoking at a banquet, Florentine Codex
In his description of the banquets held just before merchants departed on their travels, Sahagún (in the Florentine Codex, Book 9) writes: ‘As soon as they have finished eating, everyone washes their hands again and then each guest receives his own cup of cocoa, which they drink, and then the smoking tubes are handed round for sucking on.’ (Written/compiled by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore)
Reed smoking tubes, an early form of pipe, were used for smoking tobacco and grasses, and were made as follows:-
The man who makes tubes for sucking smoke first of all cuts the reed and removes the leaves, cleaning it thoroughly. He grinds up the charcoal with which to line the reeds. Then he paints some and gilds others... The painting work on some is hidden and only appears when they begin to burn... There are lots of kinds of these tubes and they are filled with many different aromatic herbs, which are ground up and mixed together. They must be packed with rose petals, aromatic spices, bitumen, mushrooms ... and iztzyetl, which is a kind of grass...
And when they proffered the smoking tubes [see picture], they took the reed with their right hand, not at the uncovered end but the part covered with charcoal; and with the left hand they took the vessel on which the reed rested. The tube-server would say: ‘My lord, here is the tube of aromas’, and the guest would take it up, place it between his fingers and being to suck on it ... The tube was given and taken in the same way in which darts are thrown in battle. And the vessel stood for the shield, that is held in the left hand ... After this flowers were distributed...
In ancient Mesoamerica people smoked not only during banquets but also in religious ceremonies; besides pipes, which were filled with various herbs and grasses, they also smoked cigars made by rolling up tobacco leaves.
According to Francisco Hernández, official physician of the Spanish royal court, smoking this mixture ‘induces sleep, weakens all sensations of pain or fatigue, calms headaches, alleviates asthma, and strengthens the stomach’ - but excess use can cause ‘incurable illnesses’ (Berdan & Rieff Anawalt, 1992, 2: 218).
In Aztec feasts ‘the tobacco servers followed a formalised ritual when distributing the smoking canes to guests. They offered the elongated, spear-shaped tubes with their right hand - the hand that customarily held a spear or spear thrower in battle. The round “ashtray” in which the burning tube would rest, symbolising the shield, was carried in the server’s left hand.’ (ibid).
As Fray Diego Durán put it: ‘A feast without tobacco was not a real feast’... (1964:102).
Info from ‘The World of the Aztecs in the Florentine Codex’ (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana/Mandragora, 2007), ‘The Codex Mendoza’ by Frances F. Berdan and Patricia Rieff Anawalt, vol. II, (University of California Press, 1992) and ‘The Aztecs: History of the Indies of New Spain’ by Fray Diego Durán (Cassell, 1964).
Picture sources:-
• Images from the Florentine Codex scanned from our own copy of the Club Internacional del Libro 3-volume facsimile edition, Madrid, 1994, Books IX and IV
• Photo by Mexicolore (we can’t recall which museum!)
• Image from the Codex Ixtlilxochitl scanned from the ADEVA facsimile edition, Graz, Austria, 1976.
Mark
5th Jan 2025
When was this article published? This is a great piece of work with many interesting images.
Mexicolore
Thanks, Mark. This article was first uploaded to Mexicolore on May 10th. 2010 - we’ve just today added the original publication date. Sorry we’re slow at getting all the publication dates uploaded...
Danny
19th Jun 2024
I appreciate many of the valuable information you guys provide on this website but can we please stop using the term “Pre-Hispanic”. Not only is it really offensive but it’s really racist for us who are actually descended from the indigenous people in Mesoamerica. This is not Pre-Hispanic culture. It’s Native American/Mesoamerican or Nican Tlaca (in Nahuatl) Culture.
Mexicolore
Thank you for flagging this up. We support and agree with your plea, and will endeavour not only to change terms from now on but to gradually work our way round the website replacing the terms...
Manuel Villar
3rd Nov 2022
What method was used to light flame to the pipe?
Mexicolore
Good question! We can’t find any sources that explicitly give this information. We have to assume that, since fires, torches and incense burners were ubiquitous, it was just a matter of using something like a reed straw (popotl in Nahuatl) to transfer the flame to the pipe/smoking tube. Indeed, Sahagún mentions the use of a heavy straw to tamp down the leaves inside the smoking tube. Perhaps they used the same straw to light the tobacco...?
Tecpatochtli
18th Jan 2021
Were the cigars or smoking of tobacco in any other form ever for enjoyment and involve inhaling? A lot of sources I read say it was rarely inhaled. I’m curious if you for anymore light to shed on this. Please and thank for the response.
Mexicolore
It looks like the smoke was inhaled. Please read this article in the ‘Ask the Experts’ section of Mexicolore. The author has kindly supplied a good number of additional sources if you want to follow up more -
https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ask-experts/did-the-taco-come-from-the-cigarette-or-the-cigarette-from-the-taco.
ehecatl
17th Jul 2012
was there any cannabis involved in these ceremonies and rituals... if so what was its purpose of use. whats its history.
Mexicolore
Not that we know of!
adrian
12th Aug 2010
would you happen to know how to say pipe in nahuatlahtolli(nahuat language)
Mexicolore
We think so! According to Fermín Herrera’s Náhuatl dictionary, ‘pipe’ would be huei cuauhcómitl; this means, basically ‘large stick-bowl’.
Aztecs smoking at a banquet, Florentine Codex